§539
The principal parts of the μι verb ἵστημι, I cause to stand, are as follows:
Lesson XXXIII
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The principal parts of the μι verb ἵστημι, I cause to stand, are as follows:
The stem is στα-. The present system is reduplicated by the prefixing of ἱ-. The future and first aorist systems are perfectly regular, the στα- of the stem being lengthened to στη- before the σ of the tense suffixes. The perfect active is regular except that the ἑ- of the reduplication has the rough breathing. The perfect middle and passive retains the στα- of the stem unchanged instead of lengthening its vowel. The aorist passive also retains the στα-, but otherwise is regular.
Learn the active voice of the present system of ἵστημι in §600.
The treatment of the stem and of the endings in the present system is very much the same as in the case of δίδωμι and τίθημι. The declension of the participle ἱστάς is like that of λύσας, the aorist active participle of λύω, except for the accent.
Learn the middle and passive forms of the present system of ἵστημι in §600. It will be noticed that the endings are joined directly to the reduplicated stem ἱστα-, except in the subjunctive mood.
ἵστημι differs from δίδωμι and τίθημι in that it has a complete second aorist active as well as a complete first aorist active. The first aorist means I caused to stand (transitive), and the second aorist means I stood (intransitive).
It will be observed that the conjugation is very much like that of the aorist passive of λύω. The participle στάς is declined like the present participle ἱστάς.
A second aorist middle of ἵστημι does not occur.
In addition to the first perfect active participle, ἑστηκώς, ἵστημι has a second perfect participle ἑστώς, ἑστῶσα, ἑστός, gen. ἑστῶτος, etc. Both ἑστηκώς and ἑστώς mean standing.
Learn the conjugation of οἶδα, I know (a second perfect used as a present, the pluperfect, ἤδειν, being used as an imperfect) in §603.
In the classical period, the Greek language had another mood, the optative, in addition to those which we have studied. In New Testament Greek, however, most of the classical uses of the optative have practically disappeared. The optative is still retained to express a wish. Thus μὴ γένοιτο (γένοιτο being the second aorist optative, third person singular, of γίνομαι) means may it not take place, God forbid. The few other optative forms in the New Testament can be noted when they occur.
Conditions contrary to fact are expressed by the secondary tenses of the indicative in both protasis and apodosis. The protasis is introduced by εἰ, and the apodosis has the particle ἄν, which, however, is sometimes omitted.
Example: κύριε, εἰ ἧς ὧδε, οὐκ ἂν ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός μου, Lord, af thou hadst been here, my brother would not have died,
Thus far, in the exercises, it has usually been possible to translate γίνομαι by the English word become. But very often, in the New Testament, such a translation is impossible. The English word become requires a predicate nominative, but in very many cases γίνομαι has no predicate nominative. In such cases it means happen, come into being, come to pass, appear, arise, be made. Sometimes it can be translated by the words come or be.
Examples: (1) ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐγένετο ἱερεὺς τις, in those days there was (appeared in history) a certain priest. (2) πάντα δι᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο, all things came into being (or were made) through him. (8) εἶδεν τὰ γενόμενα, he saw the things that had happened. (4) φωνὴ ἐγένετο ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν, a voice came out of the heavens. [But it must not be supposed that γίνομαι is a verb of motion.]
The usage of καὶ ἐγένετο and ἐγένετο δέ, meaning and it came to pass, calls for special comment. There are three forms of this usage, which may be illustrated as follows.!
(1) καὶ ἐγένετο αὐτὸν ἐλθεῖν, and it came to pass that he came. Here the accusative and infinitive depend on ἐγένετο in a way that is at least after the analogy of ordinary Greek usage.
(2) καὶ ἐγένετο καὶ ἦλθεν, and it came to pass and he came. The literal English translation is here intolerable, and the Greek also is not in accordance with the ordinary usage of the Greek language, but is derived from a Hebrew idiom.
(3) καὶ ἐγένετο ἦλθεν, and it came to pass he came. This also is not an ordinary Greek usage, ἦλθεν, being left without a construction. Both (2) and (3), as well as (1) may be translated freely and it came to pass that he came.
This method of illustration is taken, in essentials, from J. H. Moulton, Grammar of New Testament Greek, Vol. I, ‘“Prolegomena,” 2nd Edition, 1906, p. 16.
16 entries
| Greek | Part of speech | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ἀνίστημι | verb | transitive, I cause to rise; intransitive, I stand up, I arisetransitive in the present, future and 1st aorist active; intransitive in the 2nd aorist and perfect active, and in the middle |
| δοκέω | verb | I seem, I think |
| δύναμαι | verb | I am abledeponent; present system conjugated like the middle of ἵστημι |
| δύναμις, δυνάμεως, ἡ | noun (f) | power, a miracle |
| ἔβην | verb | I went2nd aorist of the μι form, of βαίνω; conjugated like the 2nd aorist of ἵστημι |
| ἕτερος | adjective | anotherἕτερος, α, ον; sometimes but not always implies difference of kind, whereas ἄλλος often denotes mere numerical distinction |
| ἵστημι | verb | transitive, I cause to stand; intransitive, I standtransitive in the present, future and 1st aorist active; intransitive in the perfect (which has the sense of a present, I stand) and in the 2nd aorist |
| κάθημαι | verb | I sitdeponent of the μι form; present participle καθήμενος, sitting |
| οἶδα | verb | I know2nd perfect used as a present |
| ὅλος | adjective | whole, allὅλος, η, ον |
| ὅμοιος | adjective | like, similarὅμοιος, α, ον; with the dative of that to which anything is similar |
| οὔτε | conjunction | and not, norοὔτε … οὔτε, neither … nor |
| παραγίνομαι | verb | I become near, I arrive, I comeπαραγίνομαι εἰς τὴν πόλιν, I arrive in the city |
| φανερόω | verb | I make manifest, I manifest |
| φημί | verb | I saya μι verb with stem φα-; much less common than λέγω |
| ὡς | adverb | as, whenadverb and conjunction; some of its other uses were studied earlier |
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| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.