Future and First Aorist Active and Middle of Liquid Verbs. Future of εἰμί

§326

Liquid verbs are verbs whose stems end in λ, μ, ν, or ρ, these consonants being called liquids.

§327

The future active and middle of liquid verbs is formed, not by adding -σο/ε, as is the case with other verbs, but by adding -εσο/ε, to the verb stem. The ε contracts with the following variable vowel, in accordance with the rules of contraction given in the preceding lesson. Thus the future active and middle of liquid verbs is conjugated exactly like the present of verbs in -έω.

§328

The future active indicative of κρίνω, I judge, is as follows:

A table appears here in the book.

§329

It will be observed that the only way in which the future active indicative in the three persons of the singular and in the third person plural is distinguished (in appearance) from the present active indicative of κρίνω is by the accent.

§330

The future middle indicative of κρίνω is as follows:

A table appears here in the book.

§331

It will be remembered (see §157) that the verb stem is often disguised in the present system. Thus the future of a liquid verb is often distinguished from the present by something more than the addition of the e.

Example: The future of βάλλω is βαλῶ, βαλ- and not βαλλ- being the verb stem. Even κρινῶ really differs from the present κρίνω in that the ι is short in the future and long in the present. But even that distinction does not prevail in the case of μένω.

§332

Some verbs have liquid stems in the future but not in other tenses. Example: The future of λέγω is ἐρῶ.

§333

The first aorist active and middle of liquid verbs is formed not by adding -σα to the verb stem but by adding -a alone and making changes within the body of the word, the verb stem usually being lengthened (ε lengthened not to η but to ει). The conjugation, in all the moods, is like the conjugation of other first aorists.

Examples: (1) The first aorist active of μένω, I remain, is ἔμεινα (indic.), μείνω (subj.), μεῖναι (infin.) and μείνας (part.). (2) The first aorist active of ἀποστέλλω, I send, is ἀπέστειλα (indic.), ἀποστείλω (subj.), ἀποστεῖλαι (infin.) and ἀποστείλας (part.).

§334

Of course liquid verbs may have second aorists or irregular aorists. So the aorist of βάλλω is a second aorist ἔβαλον. Some verbs, moreover, may have a present stem ending in a liquid, and yet not be liquid verbs. Thus λαμβάνω is not a liquid verb, the verb stem being λαβ-. The student is reminded again that one cannot always predict what the various tense systems of a Greek verb will be. The lexicon must be consulted.

§335

Future Indicative of εἰμί. The future indicative of εἰμί, I am, is as follows:

It will be observed that the conjugation is just like that of the future middle of λύω, except that in the third person singular the variable vowel is omitted, ἔσται standing instead of ἔσεται.

A table appears here in the book.

§336

The word there is sometimes put before the verb in an English sentence without any special force except as an indication that the subject is to follow the verb. This “preparatory” there is not translated at all in Greek.

Examples: (1) χαρὰ ἔσται ἐν οὐρανῷ, there shall be joy in heaven. (2) ἦσαν μαθηταὶ ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ, there were disciples in the house.

§337

The declension of ἐμαυτοῦ, ῆς, of myself, the reflexive pronoun of the first person, is as follows:

A table appears here in the book.

§338

The declension of σεαυτοῦ, ἧς, of thyself, the reflexive pronoun of the second person, is as follows:

A table appears here in the book.

§339

The declension of ἑαυτοῦ, ἧς, οῦ, of himself, of herself, of itself, the reflexive pronoun of the third person, is as follows:

A table appears here in the book.

§340

It will be observed that the declension of the reflexive pronouns is like that of αὐτός, except that there is no nominative case and in the reflexive pronouns of the first and second persons no neuter gender.

§341

In the plural, ἑαυτῶν, which originally belonged only to the pronoun ἑαυτοῦ of the third person, is made to do duty for all three persons.

§342

Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that refer back to the subject of the clause.

Examples: (1) οὐ λαλῶ περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ, I do not speak concerning myself; (2) οὐ δοξάζεις σεαυτόν, thou dost not glorify thyself ; (3) οὐκ ἔχει ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτῷ, he has not life in himself ; (4) δοξάζετε ἑαυτούς, ye glorify yourselves.

§343

The reciprocal pronoun is ἀλλήλων, of one another, of each other. It occurs in the New Testament only in the forms ἀλλήλων, of one another, ἀλλήλοις to or for one another, and ἀλλήλους, one another (βλέπουσιν ἀλλήλους, they see one another).